Footnotes & Sources - Prescription Drug Ads

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Last updated on: 6/5/2009 2:05:00 PM PST

Footnotes & Sources

The background and pro and con arguments were written by ProCon.org staff based upon input from the following footnotes (directly referenced) and sources (used for general research and not directly referenced):

Footnotes:

Bayer Pharmaceutical Products, web.missouri.edu/~sherk/Bayer-heroin.jpg (accessed May 26, 2009)
"Kefauver Harris Amendments - Public Law 87-781," (1,910 KB) www.fda.gov, Oct. 10, 1962
Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, "Impact of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising on Prescription Drug Spending," (193 KB) www.kff.org, June 2003
US Government Accountability Office (GAO), "Prescription Drugs: Improvements Needed in FDA's Oversight of Direct-To-Consumer Advertising," (367 KB) www.gao.gov, Nov. 2006
"Federal Food and Drug Act of 1906 - Public Law 59-384," (53 KB) www.fda.gov, 1906
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), "Guidance for Industry: Consumer-Directed Broadcast Advertisements," (36 KB) www.fda.gov, Aug. 1999
Congressional Budget Office (CBO), "Potential Effects of a Ban on Direct-To-Consumer Advertising of New Prescription Drugs," (607 KB) www.cbo.gov, May 26, 2011
"Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914," (5,340 KB) www.nfaoa.org, Dec. 17, 1914

Sources:

Marc-Andre Gagnon and Joel Lexchin, "The Cost of Pushing Pills: A New Estimate of Pharmaceutical Promotion Expenditures in the United States," (1,737 KB) Public Library of Science Medicine, Jan. 2008

Sean Gregory, "Are Direct-to-Consumer Drug Ads Doomed?," TIME magazine, Feb. 4, 2009

IMS Health, "IMS Heatlh Reports U.S. Prescription Sales Grew 1.3 Percent in 2008 to $291 Billion," www.imshealth.com, Mar. 19, 2009

Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, "Pharmaceutical Marketing in Perspective: Its Value and Role as One of Many Factors Informing Prescribing," www.phrma.org (accessed June 1, 2009)

Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, "Testimony and Official Submissions," www.phrma.org, Sep. 29, 2005

Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, "The Facts About Pharmaceutical Marketing & Promotion," www.phrma.org (accessed June 1, 2009)

Private email correspondance with various medical experts

Science Daily, "Big Pharma Spends More on Advertising Than Research and Development, Study Finds," www.sciencedaily.com, Jan. 7, 2009

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), "A History of the FDS and Drug Regulation in the United States," www.fda.gov (accessed June 1, 2009)

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), "Drugs and Foods under the 1938 Act and Its Amendments, www.fda.gov (accessed June 1, 2009)

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), "Patient and Physician Attitudes and Behaviors Associated with DTC Promotion of Prescription Drugs - Summary of FDA Survey Research Results," www.fda.gov, Nov. 19, 2004

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), "The 1906 Food and Drugs Act and Its Enformement," www.fda.gov (accessed June 1, 2009)

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), "The 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act," www.fda.gov (accessed June 1, 2009)

Keith J. Winstein and Suzanne Vranica, "Drug Firms' Spending on Consumer Ads Fell 8% in '08, a Rare Marketing Pullback, Wall Street Journal, Apr. 16, 2009

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