Footnotes:
- Jisu Huh, Denise E. DeLorme, Leonard N. Reid, and Soontae An, “Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising: History, Regulation, and Issues,” minnesotamedicine.com, Mar. 2010
- Julie Donohue, “A History of Drug Advertising: The Evolving Roles of Consumers and Consumer Protection,” Milbank Quarterly, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Dec. 2006
- “Lydia E. Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound,” wikimedia.org, 1882
- American Medical Association, “AMA History Timeline,” ama-assn.org (accessed Mar. 21, 2014)
- FDA, “Milestones in Food and Drug Law History,” fda.gov, Feb. 2, 2009
- P.M. Wax, “Elixirs, Diluents, and the Passage of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act,” Annals of Internal Medicine, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Mar. 15, 1995
- Vincent A. Kleinfeld and Charles Wesley Dunn, Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act: Judicial and Administrative Record, 1938-1949, 1949
- GPO, “Federal Register Volume 77, Number 39,” gpo.gov, Feb. 28, 2012
- James H. Kim and Anthony R. Scialli, “Thalidomide: The Tragedy of Birth Defects and the Effective Treatment of Disease,” Toxicological Sciences, toxsci.oxforjournals.org, Apr. 19, 2011
- Matthew Arnold, “Direct-to-Consumer Report: DTC Drain,” mmm-online.com, Apr. 1, 2013
- Carol Ballentine, “Taste of Raspberries, Taste of Death: The 1937 Elixir Sulfanilamide Incident, ” fda.gov, June 1981
- Jeremy A. Greene and David Herzberg, “HIDDEN in PLAIN SIGHT Marketing Prescription Drugs to Consumers in the Twentieth Century,” American Journal of Public Health, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, May 2010
- Lawrence K. Altman, “Briefs on the Doctor’s World,” nytimes, com, Aug. 17, 1982
- Congressional Budget Office, “Potential Effects of a Ban on Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of New Prescription Drugs,” cbo.gov, May 26, 2011
- PhRMA, “PhRMA Guiding Principles Direct to Consumer Advertisements about Prescription Medicines,” phrma.org, Dec. 2008
- Davis & Gilbert LLP, “PHRMA Amends Voluntary Guidelines on DTC Advertising,” dglawcom, Feb. 10, 2009
- FDA, “The Office of Prescription Drug Promotion (OPDP),” fda.gov, Mar. 6, 2014
- World Health Organization, “Pharmaceutical Industry,” who.int (accessed Mar. 21, 2014)
- FDA, “Office of Prescription Drug Promotion (OPDP) Research,” fda.gov, Mar. 19, 2013
- Regulations.gov, “Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Disclosure Regarding Additional Risks in Direct-to- Consumer Prescription Drug Television Advertisements,” regulations.gov, Feb. 18, 2014
- “Pure Food and Drug Act (1906). United State Statutes at Large (59th Cong., Sess. I, Chp. 3915, p. 768-772; cited as 34 U.S. Stats. 768),” Medicine in the Americas: Historical Works [Internet], ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, “Clarify FDA’s Regulatory Authority,” iom.edu, Sep. 2006
- Philip H. Dougherty, “Advertising; Pfizer’s Awareness Campaign,” nytimes.com, Feb. 7, 1985
- Wendy Borrow, “The AMA Explains Its about-Face on Direct-to-Consumer Advertising. (American Medical Association),” highbeam.com, Sep. 1, 1993
- FDA, “History of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration,” fda.gov, May 7, 1997
- Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, “Impact of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising on Prescription Drug Spending,” kff.org, June 2003
- US Government Accountability Office (GAO), “Prescription Drugs: Improvements Needed in FDA’s Oversight of Direct-To-Consumer Advertising,”
 gao.gov, Nov. 2006
- Michael R. Law, Stephen B. Soumerai, Alyce S. Adams, and Sumit R. Majumdar, “Costs and Consequences of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising for Clopidogrel in Medicaid,” Archives of Internal Medicine, Nov. 23, 2009
- John LaMattina, “Maybe It’s Time for Drug Companies to Drop TV Ads,” forbes.com, Feb. 15, 2012
- Andrew R. Payton and Peggy A. Thoits, “Medicalization, Direct-to-Consumer Advertising, and Mental Illness Stigma,” Society and Mental Health, Mar. 2011
- Jeannine Stein, “There’s a Pill for That: Drug Prescriptions in the U.S. Hit a Record High,” takepart.com, Sep. 14, 2012
- Rodale, “Prevention Magazine Releases 13th Annual DTC Survey Results,” rodaleinc.com, July 15, 2010
- Matthew Herper, “The Truly Staggering Cost of Inventing New Drugs,” forbes.com, Feb. 10, 2012
- Louis Jacobson, “Prevent Drug Companies from Blocking Generic Drugs,” politifact.com, Mar. 9, 2012
- Dayne M. Porter, “Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) Pharmaceutical Marketing: Impacts and Policy Implications,” SPNHA Review, scholarworks.gvsu.edu, Oct. 19, 2011
- FDA, “Basics of Drug Ads,” fda.gov, Sep. 13, 2012
- Legal Information Institute, “Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc.,” law.cornell.edu (accessed Mar. 5, 2014)
- WHO, “WHO Pharmaceuticals Newsletter,” who.int, 2007
- WHO, “Guidelines for the Regulatory Assessment of Medicinal Products for Use in Self-Medication,” who.int, 2000
- Frank Auton, “Opinion: The Case for Advertising Pharmaceuticals Directly to Consumers,” Future Medicinal Chemistry, future-science.com, July 2009
- Gregory A. Abel, Harold J. Burstein, Nathaneal D. Hevelone, and Jane C. Weeks, “Cancer-Related Direct-to-Consumer Advertising: Awareness, Perceptions, and Reported Impact among Patients Undergoing Active Cancer Treatment,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, Aug. 3, 2009
- Richard Meyer, “Majority of Physicians Believe DTC Ads Should Be Cut Back,” worldofdtcmarketing.com, Apr. 30, 2013
- Kathryn J. Aikin, John L Swasy, and Amie C. Braman, “Patient and Physician Attitudes and Behaviors Associated with DTC Promotion of Prescription Drugs —Summary of FDA Survey Research Results,” fda.gov, Nov. 19, 2004
- Ashish Parekh, Roland Marcus, Melissa Roberts, and Dennis W. Raisch, “Risks and Benefits of Direct to Consumer Advertising on Patient-Provider Relationships,” ispor.org, Nov. 2011
- Taylor Tyler, “Direct-to-Consumer Drug Ads Should Be Scaled Back, Doctors Say,” ivn.us, June 3, 2013
- C. Lee Ventola, “Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising: Therapeutic or Toxic?,” ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Oct. 2011
- Bruce Japsen, “Drug Makers Dial down TV Advertising,” nytimes.com, Feb. 2, 2012
- Ann Marie Christensen, “TV Drug Ads: The Whole Truth?,” eurekaalert.org, Sep. 16, 2013
- Adrienne E. Faerber and David H. Kreling, “Content Analysis of False and Misleading Claims in Television Advertising for Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs,” Journal of Internal Medicine, springer.com, Sep. 2013
- FDA, “FDA – Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS): Freedom of Information (FOI) Report,” medicalmarijuana.procon.org (accessed Mar. 25, 2014)
- Rachel Kornfield, “The Rise of TV Advertising for Prescription Cosmetic Pharmaceuticals,” healthmediacollaboratory.org, Aug. 20, 2013
- AbbVie Inc , “Decreased Energy,” isitlowt.com (accessed Jan. 16, 2013)
- Kurt C. Stange, “Consumer Drug Advertising Should Be Banned,” nytimes.com, Dec. 16, 2013
- Trista Kelley, “The Big Bucks in Keeping Kids Focused,” businessweek.com, Oct. 10, 2013
- Brenden L. Smith, “Inappropriate Prescribing,” apa.org, June 2012
- Science Daily, “Many U.S. Physicians Often Fulfill Patient Requests for Brand-Name Drugs Instead of Equivalent Generics,” sciencedaily.com, Jan. 7, 2013
- Uwe Reinhardt, interview with Frontline, pbs.org, Oct. 9, 2002
- Alan Schwarz, “Report Says Medication Use Is Rising for Adults with Attention Disorder,” nytimes.com, Mar. 12, 2014
- Rebecca Robbins, “Drug Makers Now Spend $5 Billion a Year on Advertising. Here’s What That Buys,” statnews.com, Mar. 9, 2016
- GlobalData “US Pharmaceutical Market Value Will Approach $550 Billion by 2020, Says GlobalData,” healthcare.globaldata.com, Mar. 17, 2015
- Bruce Horovitz and Julie Appleby, “Prescription Drug Costs Are Up; So Are TV Ads Promoting Them,” usatoday.com, Mar. 16, 2017
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health and STAT, “American’s Attitudes about Changing Current Prescription Drug & Medical Device Regulation,” harvard.edu, May 2016
- Kristina Klara, Jeanie Kim, and Joseph S. Ross, “Direct-to-Consumer Broadcast Advertisements for Pharmaceuticals: Off-Label Promotion and Adherence to FDA Guidelines,” Journal of Internal General Medicine, Feb. 26, 2018
- Laura Entis, “DTC Pharma Ad Spending Slipped 4.6% in 2017: Kantar,” mmm-online.com, Mar. 12, 2018
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Sean Gregory, “Are Direct-to-Consumer Drug Ads Doomed?,” TIME magazine, Feb. 4, 2009
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