The background and pro and con arguments were written by ProCon.org staff based upon input from the following sources.
| 1. | Paul B. Ginsburg and Steven M. Lieberman, “Government Regulated or Negotiated Drug Prices: Key Design Considerations,” brookings.edu, Aug. 30, 2021 | |
| 2. | Merriam-Webster, “Prescription Drug,” merriam-webster.com (accessed Mar. 29, 2022) | |
| 3. | Randa Hilal-Dandan and Laurence L. Brunton, “Appendix I: Principles of Prescription Order Writing and Patient Compliance,” Goodman and Gilman's Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2nd Edition, accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com, 2014 | |
| 4. | Julia Hawley, “How Pharmaceutical Companies Price Their Drugs,” investopedia.com, Mar. 21, 2022 | |
| 5. | Melissa Pistilli, “10 Top Pharma Companies by Revenue,” investingnews.com, Dec. 09, 2021 | |
| 6. | Drug Discovery & Development, “Pharma 50: The 50 Largest Pharmaceutical Companies in the World,” drugdiscoverytrends.com (accessed Mar. 30, 2022) | |
| 7. | Evaluate, “Evaluate Pharma World Preview 2020, Outlook to 2026,” evaluate.com, July 16, 2020 | |
| 8. | American Medical Association, “How Are Prescription Drug Prices Determined?,” ama-assn.org, Apr. 9, 2019 | |
| 9. | The Commonwealth Fund, “Pharmacy Benefit Managers and Their Role in Drug Spending,” commonwealthfund.org, Apr. 22, 2019 | |
| 10. | Sonya Collins, “Most Physicians Unable to Estimate Patients’ Out-of-Pocket Costs: How Pharmacists Can Help,” pharmacytoday.org, Mar. 1, 2022 | |
| 11. | Rand Corporation, “Prescription Drug Prices in the United States Are 2.56 Times Those in Other Countries,” rand.org, Jan. 28, 2021 | |
| 12. | Juliette Cubanski, Tricia Neuman, and Meredith Freed, “Explaining the Prescription Drug Provisions in the Build Back Better Act,” kff.org, Nov. 23, 2021 | |
| 13. | Barbara Sprunt, “House Passes Bill to Cap Insulin Prices,” npr.org, Mar. 31, 2022 | |
| 14. | Margot Sanger-Katz, “House Passes Bill to Limit Cost of Insulin to $35 a Month,” nytimes.com, Mar. 31, 2022 | |
| 15. | Kaiser Family Foundation, “Poll: Nearly 1 in 4 Americans Taking Prescription Drugs Say It’s Difficult to Afford Their Medicines, including Larger Shares among Those with Health Issues, with Low Incomes and Nearing Medicare Age,” kff.org, Mar. 1, 2019 | |
| 16. | Paul Brandus, “Opinion: Food or Medication? The Dangerous Choice Many Seniors Have to Make,” marketwatch.com, Mar. 26, 2021 | |
| 17. | Healio Internal Medicine, “Nearly Half of Americans Forgo Medical Care Because of Cost,” healio.com, Mar. 27, 2018 | |
| 18. | Truth in Rx, “Price Hikes and Secret Deals,” truthinrx.org (accessed Mar. 29, 2022) | |
| 19. | Darrell Hulisz, The Soaring Price of EpiPen,” rn.com (accessed Mar. 31, 2022) | |
| 20. | Emily Willingham, “Why Did Mylan Hike EpiPen Prices 400%? Because They Could,” forbes.com, Aug 21, 2016 | |
| 21. | Cynthia Koons and Robert Langreth, “How Marketing Turned the EpiPen Into a Billion-Dollar Business,” bloomberg.com, Sep. 23, 2015 | |
| 22. | Wayne Drash, “Anatomy of a 97,000% Drug Price Hike: One Family’s Fight to Save Their Son,” cnn.com, June 29, 2018 | |
| 23. | Heather Long and Matt Egan, “Meet the Guy behind the $750 AIDS Drug,” money.cnn.com, Sep. 22, 2015 | |
| 24. | Surescripts, “Data Brief: Physician Perspectives on Access to Patient Data,” surescripts.com, Apr. 2018 | |
| 25. | Jules Lipoff, “Expensive Prescriptions Have Patients Skipping Their Meds. What Can Doctors Do about It?,” statnews.com, Apr. 3, 2018 | |
| 26. | Congressional Budget Office, “Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry,” cbo.gov, Apr. 2021 | |
| 27. | Joe Kennedy, “The Link Between Drug Prices and Research on the Next Generation of Cures,” itif.org, Sep. 9, 2019 | |
| 28. | Investopedia Team, "What Are the Average Research and Development Costs for Pharmaceutical Companies?," investopedia.com, Mar. 11, 022 | |
| 29. | David A. Ricks, “The Risks of Government Negotiation of Drug Prices,” bostonglobe.com, Oct. 25, 2021 | |
| 30. | Jake Ellison, “Drug Rebates for Insurers Tied to Higher Costs for Patients, Especially the Uninsured,” washington.edu, June 15, 2021 | |
| 31. | Kai Yeung, Stacie B. Dusetzina, and Anirban Basu, “Association of Branded Prescription Drug Rebate Size and Patient Out-of-Pocket Costs in a Nationally Representative Sample, 2007-2018,” jamanetwork.com, June 14, 2021 | |
| 32. | Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, "45 CFR § 156.122 - Prescription Drug Benefits," law.cornell.edu (accessed June 6, 2022) | |
| 33. | Chip Davis, "It’s Up to Congress to Make Life-Saving Drugs Affordable," cnn.com, Feb. 8, 2018 | |
| 34. | Tom Coburn, “Free Market, Better Medicine,” usnews.com, Feb. 15, 2018 | |
| 35. | Jake Novack, “Trump’s Losses in Drug Pricing Battle Should Be a Free Market Wake-Up Call to Him,” cnbc.com, July 11, 2019 | |
| 36. | Jacob James Rich, “It’s Time to Free the Pharmaceutical Market From Government Control,” reason.org, Apr. 3, 2020 | |
| 37. | Ken Alltucker, “Struggling to Stay Alive: Rising Insulin Prices Cause Diabetics to Go to Extremes,” usatoday.com, Mar. 21, 2019 | |
| 38. | Kristin Fraser, “Why Americans Are Getting Their Insulin from Mexico,” vice.com, July 21, 2019 | |
| 39. | Emily Kopp, “Nonprofit Working yo Block Drug Imports Has Ties to Pharma Lobby,” npr.org, Mar. 18, 2017 | |
| 40. | Bram Sable-Smith, “American Travelers Seek Cheaper Prescription Drugs In Mexico And Beyond,” npr.org, Feb. 11, 2019 | |
| 41. | Public Employees Health Program, “Pharmacy Tourism Program,” pehp.org (accessed Apr. 5, 2022) | |
| 42. | Erin Alberty, “Prescriptions from Mexico? Utah Is Paying Public Employees to Make the Trip,” sltrib.com, Jan. 5, 2020 | |
| 43. | Nisha Kurani, Dustin Cotliar, and Cynthia Cox, “How Do Prescription Drug Costs in the United States Compare to Other Countries?,” healthsystemtracker.org, Feb. 8, 2022 |